The primary objective of this project is to validate the effectiveness of three technologies to destroy aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) concentrates known to contain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). This project will focus on destruction efficiency based on mass removal (i.e., destruction and removal efficiency), fluorine mass balance assessment (measured PFAS concentrations, products of incomplete destruction [PID], and fluoride) and unit cost estimates, including utility requirements. A single location (the Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS) will be used to evaluate three technologies, processing a single, well-characterized, large-volume AFFF matrix (containing legacy C-8 and fluorotelomer based formulations). Each pilot will be demonstrated at near-commercial scale and will incorporate a variety of analyses to establish mass balance including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)'s other test method (OTM) OTM-45, OTM-50, and expected OTM-55 to identify potential (semi-)volatile losses of organic F-containing molecules and support validation of destruction efficiency. Success will be defined by the technologies' ability to achieve efficient PFAS mineralization, minimize PID formation, comply with regulatory standards, and demonstrate ease of deployment.

This project will evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of several advanced PFAS destruction technologies at a common test bed. Three mobile, commercial-scale technologies will be assessed: Enspired Solutions' PFASigator, AECOM and Aquatech's DE-FLUORO® system, and Aquagga's Hydrothermal Alkaline Treatment (HALT).

• The PFASigator is a photocatalytic reactor that utilizes ultraviolet light and a catalyst to break down PFAS molecules.
• The DE-FLUORO® system is an electrochemical technology that degrades PFAS via redox reactions induced by electric current.
• The HALT system uses high temperatures and pressures, along with an alkaline solution, to chemically decompose PFAS.

Each technology will be evaluated over two different process runs (200 gallons/run) using a common, well-characterized AFFF blend. Each run will target a different final effluent concentration (e.g., effluent meeting USEPA's maximum contaminant levels for PFAS in drinking water and a higher target concentration suitable for treatment by media). 

The deployment of successfully validated advanced destruction technologies will deliver several benefits relative to current disposal practices (e.g., solidification and disposal at hazardous waste landfills and deep well injection). The project will identify effective technologies that offer cost efficiency, minimize environmental impact, and can be readily deployed. Such advancements in large-scale AFFF destruction will contribute to sustainment of force readiness and the operational capacity of the defense industrial base, preventing disruptions to production and supply chains. (Anticipated Project Completion - 2027)